New USDA Report on Consolidation in U.S. Dairy Farming

The US Department of Agriculture published a new report about the consolidation in US Dairy Farming. The report details the structural and geographic transformation of U.S. dairy  farming, which still are continuing, and “identifies the financial and productive factors that have driven those structural and geographic shifts”. It also looks at the prospects for further consolidation.

The main findings of the study

  • In 1987, half of all milk cows in the United States were in herds of 80 or more, and half were in herds of 80 or fewer. Since that time, the midpoint size has risen consistently; by 2017, the midpoint was 1,300 cows. The pace of consolidation in dairy far exceeds the pace of consolidation seen in most of U.S. agriculture.
  • The 2017 Census of Agriculture counted 54,599 farms with milk cows. Of those farms, 30,373 were small commercial farms, with 10–199 cows. The number of small commer­cial dairy farms has fallen substantially over time, from 47,873 a decade before (in 2007), and 146,685 three decades before (in 1987).
  • By 2017, nearly 2,000 farms had herds of at least 1,000 milk cows, and those farms milked over half of U.S. cows. Twenty-five years earlier, there were just over 500 such farms, and they milked less than 10 percent of cows. Over time, production has shifted toward much larger farms, often with 5,000 or more cows.
  • The major dairy States in the Northeast and Midwest have long had many small commer­cial dairy farms, while produc­tion in the major Western Dairy States has revolved around large farms. Production in all States is shifting to larger operations, but the decline of small commer­cial dairy farms is concentrated in the Midwest and Northeast, and in four States in partic­ular: Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
  • There are powerful cost incentives behind farm consolidation. Larger dairy farms have substantially lower costs of production, on average, than smaller farms. This cost advantage appears to extend across a wide range of larger sizes, with farms with 2,000 cows realizing lower costs than farms with 1,000 cows, which in turn realize lower costs than farms with 500 cows.
  • Some farms in each size class are profitable. Although herd size is a powerful determinant of costs and returns, there is wide variation of costs and of net returns among farms, even within narrowly defined size classes. Weather, location, physical infrastructure, and management can each affect the financial performance of a dairy farm.
  • Dairy farms that are certified organic showed higher net returns per hundredweight (cwt) than similarly sized conventional dairy farms in 2016. Organic operations with 100–199 cows and larger showed posi­tive net returns on average, while only very large conventional operations of 2,000 or more cows showed positive net returns on average. However, there are significant costs associated with making a transition from conventional to organic production.
  • Many farms with gross returns less than total costs will continue to operate if they are covering all non-capital costs, as their operators can earn a better living from dairy farming than from other pursuits. Dairy farm exit is therefore a gradual process, playing out over years, and so consolidation is also a gradual process.
  • The number of licensed dairy herds fell by more than half between 2002 and 2019, and the rate of decline accelerated in 2018–2019, even as milk production continued to grow. Consolidation will likely continue. Dairy finances still favor larger operations, and while there are fewer small commercial dairy farms today, many operators are approaching retirement age. Should the number of farms continue to decline at a rate of 4 percent per year, in line with past trends and a model developed in the report, then we should expect to count about 31,500 licensed dairy herds at the end of 2021, down from 34,187 in 2019.

The 61-page report can be found on the ERS website.